Evaluación de metodologías ergonómicas: Un análisis bibliométrico y comparativo
Resumen
La ergonomía busca adaptar los entornos laborales para prevenir lesiones y mejorar el desempeño. No obstante, la diversidad de metodologías ergonómicas dificulta su selección y aplicación óptima. Este estudio compara distintos enfoques ergonómicos con el fin de optimizar su uso en diversos contextos laborales. Se empleó un enfoque exploratorio, descriptivo y con análisis cualitativo. Se utilizaron los métodos inductivo, analítico y bibliográfico para identificar patrones y evaluar técnicas ergonómicas. La revisión bibliográfica se realizó en bases de datos como Semantic Scholar, PubMed, Scielo y Scopus, complementada con un análisis bibliométrico en VOSviewer. Se compararon metodologías según su eficacia y aplicabilidad, formulando recomendaciones para su implementación. El análisis bibliométrico identificó a REBA, RULA y los cuestionarios musculoesqueléticos como las metodologías más empleadas, especialmente en manufactura, salud y agricultura. Se analizaron 85 estudios sobre intervenciones ergonómicas, destacando aquellas que integraron sensores IMU y análisis cinemático 3D, logrando mejorar la postura y reducir trastornos musculoesqueléticos. La efectividad de las intervenciones dependió de la participación de los trabajadores y del uso de tecnologías innovadoras, mientras que su sostenibilidad estuvo condicionada por el apoyo organizacional. En conclusión, las metodologías ergonómicas han sido efectivas para identificar riesgos posturales y trastornos musculoesqueléticos. Sin embargo, las intervenciones más exitosas combinan tecnología avanzada y participación activa de los trabajadores, mientras que su impacto a largo plazo depende del compromiso organizacional y su adaptación al entorno laboral.
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