Comparación de Inercia Terapéutica en Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2 entre Médicos de Atención Primaria y Endocrinólogos. Una Revisión de la Literatura.
Resumen
El buen control glucémico temprano conduce a mejores resultados clínicos, incluida una reducción de complicaciones microvasculares a largo plazo; sin embargo, no ha existido ninguna mejora en el logro de los objetivos de hemoglobina glicosilada en la última década a nivel mundial. Un factor causal es la inercia terapéutica, definida como el retraso para iniciar o intensificar la terapia cuando no se han cumplido los objetivos del tratamiento glucémico. El objetivo de este estudio fue comparar la inercia terapéutica en Diabetes mellitus tipo 2, entre médicos de atención primaria y endocrinólogos, así como identificar oportunidades para fortalecer la atención de diabetes en atención primaria. El método utilizado fue de tipo descriptivo, una revisión teórica con enfoque documental bibliográfico, mediante la búsqueda en la base de datos electrónica de PubMed. Se utilizaron criterios de inclusión y exclusión para la elegibilidad de la bibliografía, al final se analizó un total de 45 publicaciones que cumplieron con los criterios de selección. Los resultados reflejan que la intensificación tardía del tratamiento no se observa exclusivamente en la atención primaria, sino también en el ámbito de los especialistas en diabetes. Se concluye que son necesarias nuevas estrategias educativas para ayudar a los médicos a intensificar oportunamente el tratamiento cuando no se cumplen los objetivos glucémicos, con el fin de prevenir la progresión de la enfermedad.
Descargas
Citas
UK Prospective Diabetes Study Group (1995). Prospective Diabetes Study 16: Overview of 6 Years’ Therapy of Type II Diabetes: A Progressive Disease. Diabetes. Scientific Research Publisher [En línea]. 44(11), 1249–1258. ISSN 1939-327X. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.2337/diab.44.11.1249.
Organización Panamericana de la Salud. La diabetes, un problema prioritario de salud pública en el Ecuador y la región de las Américas. OPS/OMS, 2020.
SAEEDI, Pouya; PETERSOHN, Inga; SALPEA, Paraskevi; MALANDA, Belma; KARURANGA, Suvi; UNWIN, Nigel; COLAGIURI, Stephen; GUARIGUATA, Leonor; MOTALA, Ayesha; OGURTSOVA, Katherine; SHAW, Jonathan; BRIGHT, Dominic y WILLIAMS, Rhys. Global and regional diabetes prevalence estimates for 2019 and projections for 2030 and 2045: Results from the International Diabetes Federation Diabetes Atlas. Perfiles Educativos [En línea]. 157(19).ISSN 0168-8227. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2019.107843
HOLMAN, Rury; SANJOY, Paul; ANDREW, Neil y BETHEL, Angelyn (2008). 10-Year Follow-up of Intensive Glucose Control in Type 2 Diabetes. The New England journal of medicine [En línea]. 359(15), 1577–89. ISSN 1533-4406. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa0806470
MELANIE, Davies (2018). Management of hyperglycaemia in type 2 diabetes: the 2018 consensus report by ADA/EASD Insights from one of the authors. The British Journal of Diabetes [En línea]. 18(4), 137–40. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.15277/bjd.2018.193
STONE, Margaret; CHARPENTIER, Guillaume; DOGGEN, Kris; KUSS, Oliver; LINDBLAD, Ulf; KELLNER, Christiane; NOLAN, John; PAZDERSKA, Agineszka; RUTTEN, Guy; BPSYCHOL, Marina y KHUNTI, Kamlesh (2013). Quality of care of people with type 2 diabetes in eight European countries: findings from the Guideline Adherence to Enhance Care (GUIDANCE) study. American Diabetes Association [En línea]. 36(9), 2628–38. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.2337/dc12-1759
VELASCO, Pedro; PARHOFER, Klaus; BRADLEY, Clare; ESCHWÉGE, Eveline; FREDERICK, Linda; MAHEUX, Pierre; WOOD, Ian y SIMON, Dominique (2014). Current level of glycaemic control and its associated factors in patients with type 2 diabetes across Europe: data from the PANORAMA study. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) [En línea]. 80(1), 47–56. ISSN 1935-5548. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1111/cen.12119
CHAPMAN, L.E.; DARLING, A.L. y BROWN, J.E (2016). Association between metformin and vitamin B12 deficiency in patients with type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetes Metab [En línea]. 42(5), 316–27. ISSN 1262-3636. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabet.2016.03.008
Diabetes care (2019). Pharmacologic Approaches to Glycemic Treatment: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes—2019. American Diabetes Association [En línea]. 42, S90–102. ISSN 1935-5548. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.2337/dc19-S009
Diabetes Care (2020). Glycemic Targets: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes—2020. American Diabetes Association [En línea]. 43, S66–S76. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.2337/dc20-S006
PHILLIPS, Lawrence y TWOMBLY, Jennifer (2008). It’s Time to Overcome Clinical Inertia. Ann Intern Med [En línea]. 148(10), 783-785. ISSN: 0003-4819. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-148- 10-200805200-00011
SHAH, Baiju; HUX, Janet; LAUPACIS Andreas ans ZINMAN, BERNARD y WALRAVEN, Carl (2005). Clinical Inertia in Response to Inadequate Glycemic Control: Do specialists differ from primary care physicians? American Diabetes Association [En línea]. 28(3), 600-606. ISSN 1935-5548. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.2337/diacare.28.3.600
FU, A.Z.; QIU, Y.; DAVIES, M.J.; RADICAN, L. y ENGEL, S.S. (2011). Treatment intensification in patients with type 2 diabetes who failed metformin monotherapy. Diabetes Obes Metab [En línea]. 13(8), 765-769. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1463- 1326.2011.01405.x
BAIN, Stephen; BEKKER, Brian; HUNT, Barnaby; CHUBB, Barrie y VALENTINE, William (2020). Evaluating the burden of poor glycemic control associated with therapeutic inertia in patients with type 2 diabetes in the UK. Journal of Medical Economics [En línea]. 23(1), 98-105. ISSN 1369-6998. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1080/13696998.2019.1645018
SARAH, Naz; DANG-TAN, Tam; WILLIAM, Valentine y BEKKER, Brian (2020). Evaluation of the Clinical and Economic Burden of Poor Glycemic Control Associated with Therapeutic Inertia in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes in the United States. Adv Ther [En línea]. 37(2), 869-82. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12325-019-01199-8
SANJOY, Paul; KERENAFTALI, Klein; THORSTED, Brian; WOLDEN, Michael y KHUNTI, Kamlesh (2015). Delay in treatment intensification increases the risks of cardiovascular events in patients with type 2 diabetes. Cardiovasc Diabetology [En línea]. 14(1), 1-10. ISSN: 1475-2840. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12933-015-0260-x
RODONDI, Nicolas; PENG, Tiffany; KARTER, Andrew; BAUTER, Douglas; VITTINGHOFF, Eric; TANG, Simon; PETTITT, Daniel; KERR, Eve y SELBY, Joe (2006). Therapy Modifications in Response to Poorly Controlled Hypertension, Dyslipidemia, and Diabetes Mellitus. Annals of Internal Medicine [En línea]. 144(7), 475-484. ISSN: 0003-4819. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-144- 7-200604040-00006
REACH, G.; PECHTNER, V.; GENTILELLA, R.; CORCOS, A. y CERIELLO, A. (2017). Clinical inertia and its impact on treatment intensification in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes MetabolismVL [En línea]. 43(6), 501-511. ISSN 1262-3636. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabet.2017.06.003
KHUNTI, Kamlesh y MILLAR, David (2017). Clinical inertia to insulin initiation and intensification in the UK: A focused literature review. Primary care diabetes [En línea]. 11(1), 3-12. ISSN 1751-9918 Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcd.2016.09.003
KHUNTI, Kamlesh; WOLDEN, Michael; THORSTED, Brian; ANDERSEN, Marc y DAVIES, Melanie (2013). Clinical Inertia in People With Type 2 Diabetes: A retrospective cohort study of more than 80,000 people. Diabetes Care [En línea]. 36(11), 3411–3417. ISSN 1935-5548. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.2337/dc13-0331
American Diabetes Association (2018). Economic Costs of Diabetes in the U.S. in 2017. Diabetes Care [En línea]. 41(5), 917–928. ISSN 1935-5548. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.2337/dci18-0007
OWENS, David (2013). Clinical Evidence for the Earlier Initiation of Insulin Therapy in Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes technology therapeutics [En línea]. 15(9), 776-85. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1089/dia.2013.0081
RUSSELL, David; POUWER, Frans y KHUNTI, Khunti (2018). Identification of barriers to insulin therapy and approaches to overcoming them. Diabetes Obesity and Metabolism [En línea]. 20(3), 488-496. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1111/dom.13132
HOLMES, E; SKINNER, T.; POUWER, F. y SPEIGHT, J. (2015). Negative appraisals of insulin therapy are common among adults with Type 2 diabetes using insulin: Results from Diabetes MILES – Australia cross-sectional survey. Wiley Online Library [En línea]. 32(10), 1297-1303. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1111/dme.12729
POLONSKY, William; FISHER, Lawrence; GUZMAN, Susan; VILLA, Leonel y EDELMAN, Steven (2005). Psychological Insulin Resistance in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes : The scope of the problem. Diabetes Care [En línea]. 28(10), 2543–2545. ISSN 1935-5548. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.2337/diacare.28.10.2543
POLINSKI, Jennifer; SMITH, Benjamin; CURTIS, Bradley; SEEGER, Jhon; CONNOLLY, Jhon y SHRANK, William (2013). Barriers to Insulin Progression Among Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review. The Diabetes Educator [En línea]. 39(1), 53-65. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1177/0145721712467696
ESPEHAUG, B.; MIDTHJELL, K.; GRAUE, M. y POUWER, F. (2015). Anxiety, depression and timing of insulin treatment among people with type 2 diabetes: Nine-year follow-up of the Nord-Trøndelag Health Study, Norway. ScienceDirect [En línea]. . ISSN 0022-3999. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2015.07.004
NEFS, Giesje; POP, Victor; DENOLLET, johan y POUWER, Francois (2013). The Longitudinal Association between Depressive Symptoms and Initiation of Insulin Therapy in People with Type 2 Diabetes in Primary Care. PLoS One [En línea]. 8(11), 78865. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0078865
PEYROT, Mark; BUENS, Katharina; DAVIES, Melanie; FORBES, Angus; HERMANNS, Norbet; HOLT, Richard; KALRA, Sanjay; NICOLUCCI, Antonio; POUWER, Frans; WENS, Johan; WILLAING, Ingrid y SKOVLUND, Soren (2013). Diabetes Attitudes Wishes and Needs 2 (DAWN2): A multinational, multi-stakeholder study of psychosocial issues in diabetes and person-centred diabetes care. Diabetes Res Clin Pract [En línea]. 99(2), 174-184. ISSN 0168-8227. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2012.11.016
ZIEMER, David; MILLER, Christopher; RHEE, Mary; DOYLE, Joyce; WATKINS, Clyde; COOK, Curtiss; GALLINA, Daniel; KEBBI, Imad; BARNES, Catherine; DUNBAR, Virginia; BRANCH, William y PHILLIPS, Lawrence (2005). Clinical Inertia Contributes to Poor Diabetes Control in a Primary Care Setting. Diabetes Educ [En línea]. 31(4), 564-71. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1177/0145721705279050
ZAFAR, A.; STONE, M.; DAVIES, M. y KHUNTI, K. (2015). Acknowledging and allocating responsibility for clinical inertia in the management of Type 2 diabetes in primary care: a qualitative study. Diabetic Medicine [En línea]. 32(3), 407-413. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1111/dme.12592
TSHIANG, Jacques; KOCHER, Serge; WEBER, Christian; NEESER, Kurt; BERNDT, Karsten y ERNY, Katrina (2012). The Effect of Nurse-led Diabetes Self-management Education on Glycosylated Hemoglobin and Cardiovascular Risk Factors: A Meta-analysis. Sage Journals [En línea]. 38(1), 108-123. ISSN 68305. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1177/0145721711423978
FURLER, John; NEAL, David; SPEIGHT, Jane; MANSKI, Jo; GORELIK, Alexandra; HOLMES, Elizabeth; GINNIVEN, Louise; YOUNG, Doris; BEST, James; PATTERSON, Elizabeth; LIEW, Danny; SEGAL, Leonie; MAY, Carl y BLACKBERRY, Irene (2017). Supporting insulin initiation in type 2 diabetes in primary care: results of the Stepping Up pragmatic cluster randomised controlled clinical trial. thebmj [En línea]. 356. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.j783
LITAKER, David; MION, Lorraine; PLANAVSKY, Loretta; KIPPES, Christopher; MEHTA, Neil y FROLKIS, Joseph (2003). Physician–nurse practitioner teams in chronic disease management: the impact on costs, clinical effectiveness, and patients’ perception of care. Journal of Interprofessional Care [En línea]. 17(3), 223-137. ISSN 1356-1820. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1080/1356182031000122852
BRUGGEN, Rykelvan; GORTER, Kees; STOLK, Ronald; KLUNGEL, Olaf y RUTTEN, Guy (2009). Clinical inertia in general practice: widespread and related to the outcome of diabetes care. Family Practice [En línea]. 26(6), 428-436. ISSN 1460-2229. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1093/fampra/cmp053
PHILLIPS, Lawrence; ZIEMER, David; DOYLE, Joyce; BARNES, Catherine; KOLM, Paul; BRANCH, William; CAUDLE, Jane; COOK, Curtiss; DUNBAR, Virginia; THOMPOSON, Dennis y WATKINS, Clyde (2005). An Endocrinologist-Supported Intervention Aimed at Providers Improves Diabetes Management in a Primary Care Site: Improving Primary Care of African Americans with Diabetes (IPCAAD) 7. Diabetes Care [En línea]. 28(10), 2352-2360. ISSN 0149-5992. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.2337/diacare.28.10.2352
AMPUDIA, Javier; PALANCA, Ana; TRILLO, Jose; NAVARRO, Jorge y REAL, Jose (2021). Therapeutic inertia in patients with type 2 diabetes treated with non-insulin agents. Journal of Diabetes and its Complications [En línea]. 35(3), 107828. ISSN 1056-8727. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2020.107828
NAKAR, Sasson; YITZHAKI, Gila; ROSENBERG, Reena y VINKER, Shlomo (2007). Transition to insulin in Type 2 diabetes: family physicians’ misconception of patients’ fears contributes to existing barriers. Journal of Diabetes and its Complications [En línea]. 21(4), 220-226. ISSN 1056-8727. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2006.02.004
POWELL, Rhea; ZACCARDI, Francesco; BEEBE, Christine; MEI, Xin; CRAWFORD, Alyssa; CUDDEBACK, John; GABBAY, Robert; KISSELA, Lauren; LITCHMAN, Michelle; MEHTA, Rajesh; MENEGHINI, Luigi; PANTALONE, Kevin; RAJPATHAK, Swapnil; SCRIBNER, Paul; SKELLEY, Jessica y KHUNTI, Kamlesh (2021). Strategies for overcoming therapeutic inertia in type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism [En línea]. 23(9), 2137-2154. ISSN 1462-8902. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1111/dom.14455
HAMBLING, C.; KHUNTI, K.; COS, X.; WENS, J.; MARTINES, L.; TOPSEVER, P.; DEL PRADO, S.; SINCLAIR, A.; SCHERNTHANER, G.; RUTTEN, G. y SEIDU, S. (2019). Factors influencing safe glucose-lowering in older adults with type 2 diabetes: A PeRsOn-centred ApproaCh To IndiVidualisEd (PROACTIVE) Glycemic Goals for older people. Primary Care Diabetes [En línea]. 13(4), 330-352. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcd.2018.12.005
REEVE, Joanne; BLAKEMAN, Tom; FREEMAN, George; GREEN, Larry; JAMES, Paul; PETER, LUCASSEN; MARTIN, Carmel; STURMBERG, Joachim y WEEL, Chris (2013). Generalist solutions to complex problems: generating practice-based evidence - the example of managing multi-morbidity. BMC Primary Care [En línea]. 14(1), 1-8. ISSN 2731-4553. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2296-14- 112
RUSHFORTH, Bruno; MCCRORIE, Carolyn; MIDGLEY, Eleanor y FOY, Robbie (2016). Barriers to effective management of type 2 diabetes in primary care: qualitative systematic review. British Jorunal of General Practice [En línea]. 66(643), 114-215. ISSN: 0960-1643. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.3399/bjgp16X683509
CAMPBELL, Matthew; BABIC, Drazen; BOLCINA, Uros; SMIRCIC, Lea; TANKOVA, Tsvetlina; MITRAKOU, Asimina; KEMPLER, Peter y JANEZ, Andrej (2019). High level of clinical inertia in insulin initiation in type 2 diabetes across Central and South-Eastern Europe: insights from SITIP study. Springer Link [En línea]. 56(9), 1045-049. ISSN 1432-5233. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00592 - 019-01346-1.
ZIEMER, David; MILLER, Christopher; RHEE, Mary; DOYLE, Joyce; WATKINS, Clyde; COOK, Curtiss; GALLINA, Daniel; EL-KEBBI, Imad; BARNES, Catherine; DUNBAR, Virginia; BRANCH, William y PHILLIPS, Lawrence (2005). Clinical Inertia Contributes to Poor Diabetes Control in a Primary Care Setting. Sage Journals [En línea]. 31(4), 564-571. ISSN 0145-7217. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1177/0145721705279050
MACHADO, Manuel; RAMÍREZ, Adriana y MACHADO, Jorge (2017). Effectiveness and clinical inertia in patients with antidiabetic therapy. International Journal of Clinical Practice [En línea]. 71(6), 12954. ISSN 1368-5031. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1111/ijcp.12954
BRALIC, Valerija; BERGMAN, Biserka y KRANJCEVIC, Ksenija (2015). Family Physician Clinical Inertia in Glycemic Control among Patients with Type 2 Diabetes. Medical Science Monitor [En línea]. 21, 403-411. ISSN 1643-3750. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.12659/MSM.892248
GONZÁLEZ, Jose; FONT, Beatriu; LAHOZ, Raquel; LLAURADO, Gemma y GAMBÚS, Gemma (2013). INERTIA study: Clinical inertia in non-insulinized patients on oral hypoglycemic treatment. A study in Spanish primary and specialty care settings. ELSEVIER [En línea]. 142(11), 478-484. ISSN 0025-7753. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.medcli.2013.02.032
STRAIN, William; BLÚHER, Matthias y PALDÁNIUS, Paívi (2014). Clinical Inertia in Individualising Care for Diabetes: Is There Time to do More in Type 2 Diabetes? Springer Link [En línea]. 5(2), 347-354. ISSN 1869-6961. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13300- 014-0077-8
SAMUEL, Seidu; THAN, Tun; KAR, Deb; LAMBA, Amrit; BROWN, Pam; ZAFAR, Azhar; HUSSAIN, Rizwan; AMJAD, Ahmed; CAPEHORN, Mathew; MARTIN, Elizabeth; FERNANDORNANDO, Kevin; MCMORAN, Jim; MILLAR, David; KAHN, Shahzada; CAMPBELL, Nigel; BRICE, Richard; MOHAN, Rahul; MISTRY, Mukesh; KANUMILLI, Naresh; JOHN, Joan; QUIGLEY, Richard; KENNY, Colin y KHUNTI, Kamlesh (2018). Therapeutic inertia amongst general practitioners with interest in diabetes. Primary Care Diabetes [En línea]. 12(1), 87-91. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcd.2017.09.001
GABBAY, Robert; KENDALL, Debbie; BEEBE, Christine; CUDDEBACK, John; HOBBS, Todd; KHAN, Naeem; LEAL, Sandra; MILLER, Eden; NOVAK, Lucia; RAJPATHAK, Swapnil; SCRIBNER, Paul; MENEGHINI, Luigi y KHUNTI, Kamlesh (2020). Addressing Therapeutic Inertia in 2020 and Beyond: A 3-Year Initiative of the American Diabetes Association. Clinical Diabetes [En línea]. 38(4), 371-381. ISSN 1945-4953. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.2337/cd20-0053
PEYROT, Mark; RUBIN, Richard; LAURITZEN, Torsten; SKOVLUND, Soren; SNOEK, Frank; MATTHERWS, David; LANDGRAF, Rudiger y KLEINEBREIL, Line (2005). Resistance to Insulin Therapy Among Patients and Providers: Results of the cross-national Diabetes Attitudes, Wishes, and Needs (DAWN) study. Diabetes Care [En línea]. 28(11), 2673-2679. ISSN 1935-5548. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.2337/diacare.28.11.2673
Derechos de autor 2022 Lizeth Anabel Sánchez Santana; Cristina Vanessa Aguirre Aragón, Edison Tarquino Ramos Tituaña
Esta obra está bajo licencia internacional Creative Commons Reconocimiento-NoComercial-CompartirIgual 4.0.
El titular de los derechos de autor de la obra, otorga derechos de uso a los lectores mediante la licencia Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-CompartirIgual 4.0 Internacional. Esto permite el acceso gratuito inmediato a la obra y permite a cualquier usuario leer, descargar, copiar, distribuir, imprimir, buscar o vincular a los textos completos de los artículos, rastrearlos para su indexación, pasarlos como datos al software o usarlos para cualquier otro propósito legal.
Cuando la obra es aprobada y aceptada para su publicación, los autores conservan los derechos de autor sin restricciones, cediendo únicamente los derechos de reproducción, distribución para su explotación en formato de papel, así como en cualquier otro soporte magnético, óptico y digital.
